1. What Is Acetic Acid?

Acetic acid is a colorless liquid organic compound with a pungent odor and sour taste. It is the main component of vinegar (after water) and has the chemical formula CH₃COOH.

2. Chemical Formula And Structure

The molecular formula of acetic acid is:

Structural Features:

• Carboxyl functional group (-COOH)
• Methyl group (CH₃-)
• Molecular weight: 60.05 g/mol
• IUPAC name: Ethanoic acid

Chemical Properties: Weak acid (pKa = 4.76), miscible with water, ethanol, and ether. Forms acetate salts with bases.

3. Preparation Methods

Laboratory Preparation:

• Ethanol Oxidation: CH₃CH₂OH + O₂ → CH₃COOH + H₂O
• Uses oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate or chromic acid
• Typically performed under controlled conditions

Industrial Preparation:

• Methanol Carbonylation: CH₃OH + CO → CH₃COOH
• Uses metal catalysts (rhodium or iridium complexes)
• Most common industrial method (Monsanto process)

4. Using The Calculator

Instructions: Enter ethanol concentration in mol/L and select the preparation method. The calculator provides theoretical acetic acid yield based on stoichiometric ratios.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the difference between acetic acid and vinegar?
A: Vinegar typically contains 4-8% acetic acid by volume, along with water and trace compounds. Pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid.

Q2: Why is methanol carbonylation preferred industrially?
A: It offers higher yields, better atom economy, and operates under milder conditions compared to oxidation methods.

Q3: What are the main uses of acetic acid?
A: Production of vinyl acetate monomer, acetic anhydride, ester solvents, food preservative (vinegar), and laboratory reagent.

Q4: Is acetic acid dangerous?
A: Concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can cause severe burns. Proper safety equipment should be used when handling.

Q5: What is glacial acetic acid?
A: Pure acetic acid (99-100%) that freezes at 16.6°C, forming ice-like crystals, hence the name "glacial".